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Pope Pius IX and France : ウィキペディア英語版 | Pope Pius IX and France The foreign relations between Pope Pius IX and France were characterized by the hostility of the Third Republic's anticlerical politics, as well as Napoleon III's influence over the papal states. This did not stop, however, Church life in France from flourishing during much of Pius IX's pontificate. ==Concord between liberal and conservative factions== When Pius IX assumed the papacy in 1846, French Catholics were divided into a liberal fraction under Charles Forbes René de Montalembert and a conservative fraction under Louis Veuillot. They agreed on right to private schools, freedom of instruction, financial support by the State and a rejection of gallicanism.〔Schmidlin 120-121〕 Pius addressed the French bishops with his encyclical ''Inter Multiplices'' in which he asked for concord of mind and will among the French.〔Shea 207〕 Under Napoleon III, French Catholics got much of what they wanted. Napoleon III, because of his defense of the Papal States, was also seen as a defender of the Church and of Catholic interests.
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